(Journal Article): Gut glucagon, enteroglucagon, gut glucagonlike immunoreactivity, glicentin - current status.
Holst JJ
IN:
Gastroenterology
1983; 84(6):1602-1613
Impact Factor(s) of Gastroenterology: 13.092 (2004), 12.718 (2003), 13.44 (2002), 13.02 (2001)
ABSTRACT: Glucagonlike substances in extracts of intestinal mucosa were already described in 1948 by Sutherland and deDuve (1), who used a bioassay technique for the identification. After the development of the first glucagon radioimmunoassays, Unger and co-workers (2,3) confirmed that intestinal extracts contained peptides that "crossreacted" in the glucagon radioimmunoassay [hence gut "glucagonlike immunoreactivity" (GLI)]. In 1968, the same group discovered that the gut GLIs consisted of at least two peptides, GLI I and II (4), both of which differed immunochemically from pancreatic glucagon and, therefore, necessarily had different chemical structures (4,5). Developments during the last decade in the field of peptide chemistry, particularly improved purification and sequencing techniques, have greatly advanced our knowledge of gut peptides, including the enteroglucagons, and the chemical structure of several of the members of this heterogenous group of peptides is now known. Furthermore, progress in the field of nucleotide and gene technology has also spread to this area of research, and although many problems remain unresolved, the progress made has sufficiently important implications to justify a review of the most recent advances.
TYPE OF PUBLICATION: Review
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(Journal Article): Glucagon-like peptide-1, a new hormone of the entero-insular axis.
0rskov C (Department of Clinical Chemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.)
IN:
Diabetologia
1992; 35(8):701-711
Impact Factor(s) of Diabetologia: 5.583 (2004), 5.689 (2003), 5.136 (2002), 6.299 (2001)
ABSTRACT: The post-translational processing of proglucagon in the small intestine gives rise to glucagon-like peptide-1 (PG 78-107 amide) which has profound effects on the endocrine pancreas, and in many species also on the stomach. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (PG 78-107 amide) is secreted in man in response to physiological stimuli e.g. a mixed meal. Glucagon-like peptide-1, in concentrations corresponding to those observed in response to meals, strongly stimulates insulin secretion, in all mammals studied, even more potently than the gastric inhibitory peptide. Thus, glucagon-like peptide-1 fulfills the classic criteria for being a hormone and is likely to be a new incretin. The glucagon inhibitory effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 (PG 78-107 amide) probably further potentiates the effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 on glucose metabolism and distinguished this peptide from other intestinal peptides which have been proposed as incretins. Glucagon-like peptide-1 also inhibits gastric acid secretion and gastric emptying in man. The latter delays nutrient entry to the intestine and thereby diminishes meal-induced glucose excursions. Elevated plasma concentrations of immunoreactive glucagon-like peptide-1 have been reported in Type 2 (noninsulin-dependent) diabetic patients, however, the consequences of the elevation are not yet known. However, elevated levels of glucagon-like peptide-1 in patients with increased gastric emptying rate (post-gastrectomy syndromes) may be responsible for the exaggerated insulin secretion seen in these patients.
TYPE OF PUBLICATION: Review
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(Journal Article): Effect of truncated glucagon-like peptide-1 [proglucagon-(78-107) amide] on endocrine secretion from pig pancreas, antrum, and nonantral stomach.
0rskov C, Holst JJ, Nielsen OV
IN:
Endocrinology
1988; 123(4):2009-2013
Impact Factor(s) of Endocrinology: 5.151 (2004), 5.063 (2003), 5.095 (2002), 4.971 (2001)
ABSTRACT: We studied the effect of truncated glucagon-like peptide-1 [naturally occurring GLP-1; proglucagon-(78-107) amide], a potent insulinotropic peptide from the pig ileum, on endocrine and exocrine secretion of potential gastrointestinal target organs using isolated perfused preparations of the porcine pancreas, antrum, and nonantral part of the stomach. Truncated GLP-1 significantly increased somatostatin secretion from the pancreas at 10(-10) mol/liter and more than doubled the secretion at 10(-9) mol/liter, but had no effect on either somatostatin or gastrin secretion from the antrum or on somatostatin secretion from the nonantral stomach in concentrations up to 10(-8) mol/liter. Insulin secretion from the pancreas (with 7 mmol/liter glucose in the perfusate) increased 2-fold with truncated GLP-1 at 10(-10) mol/liter and almost 5-fold at 10(-9) mol/liter. Pancreatic glucagon secretion was inhibited by 50% at 10(-10) mol/liter and by 70-80% at 10(-9) mol/liter. Full-length GLP-1 [proglucagon-(72-107)] and GLP-2 [proglucagon-(126-159)] had no effect on hormone secretion from any of the perfused organs. It is concluded that truncated GLP-1 may participate in an entero-insular control of pancreatic endocrine secretion.
TYPE OF PUBLICATION: Original article
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